Resources
Deep-dives into text case formats, naming conventions, and formatting rules for developers, writers, and anyone who works with text.
Should email subject lines use title case or sentence case? How do you capitalize a greeting? What about sign-offs? Here are the rules — and why most people get at least one of them wrong.
adidas is all lowercase. IKEA is all caps. iPhone breaks a sentence mid-word. Brand capitalization is deliberate — here's the logic behind how major companies use case as part of their identity.
Should it be 'Director of Marketing' or 'director of marketing'? The answer depends on context. Here's the full rule set for capitalizing job titles in formal writing, email, and web copy.
PascalCase is the universal convention for class names, TypeScript types, and React components. This guide explains what it is, where every major language requires it, and how it differs from camelCase.
camelCase is the dominant naming convention in JavaScript, Java, and JSON. This guide explains what it is, where it's required, how it got its name, and how it compares to PascalCase, snake_case, and kebab-case.
How you capitalize URLs, title tags, and headings has a measurable impact on SEO and click-through rates. Here's what Google's guidance says about case in URLs, and best practices for title case in meta titles and headings.
Every programming language has its own rules for naming variables, functions, classes, and constants. Here's a complete reference for JavaScript, Python, Java, C#, Go, and Rust — and why the conventions differ.
Two less conventional case formats — alternating case and inverse case — have specific uses in internet culture, creative contexts, and practical text editing. Here's what they are, how they work, and when you'd actually use them.
CONSTANT_CASE (also called SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE or UPPER_SNAKE_CASE) is the universal convention for naming constants in code. Here's where it's used, why it exists, and how it differs from regular snake_case.
kebab-case is the standard for URLs, CSS properties, HTML attributes, and npm package names. This guide explains where it's required, why hyphens are used instead of underscores, and how it compares to other case formats.
snake_case is the dominant naming convention in Python, databases, and environment variables. Here's a full breakdown: what it is, where it's required, and how it compares to camelCase and kebab-case.
ALL CAPS is powerful when used correctly and exhausting when overused. Here's a complete guide to when uppercase text improves communication — and when it undermines it.
Sentence case is the most natural capitalization style in English — but it's often confused with title case. Here's what it is, where it works best, and common mistakes to avoid.
Both use lowercase letters and delimiters to separate words — but one uses underscores and the other hyphens. Here's exactly where each belongs and why you can't swap them.
Title case sounds simple until you hit prepositions, articles, and conjunctions. Here's a full breakdown of the rules — and why different style guides disagree.
camelCase and PascalCase look almost identical — one letter of difference. But that difference determines whether your code is correct or broken. Here's a full language-by-language guide.